BACHELOR OF RADIATION                                      

               MEWAR UNIVERSITY
                  Radiation therapy
TECHNOLOGY– BRT

	Eligibility	:	10+2 with PCB/PCM			
			
	Programme Objectives	:	Our  bachelor’s  program  in  Radiation  Technology		
			combines  both  theoretical  and  clinical  instructions		
			covering topics such as physiology, anatomy, radiation		
			physics,   radiation   imaging,   radiation   protection,		
			positioning of patients, radiographic techniques, medical		
			terminology  and  patient  care  procedures.  Using  new		
			imaging techniques, alongside doctors and nurses, you		
			will help in quicker and more accurate diagnosis of illness.		
			We are one of the few premium institutes in India to offer		
			this program.			
	Job Prospects	:	After the completion of BRT, you will find a challenging		
			career  in  hospitals,  trauma  centers  and	private		

laboratories. You can also explore a career in nuclear imaging. As it’s a very demanding profession, candidates seek career in various specializations under radiology where the remunerations are high. Common job profiles of students after completing BRT include: Diagnostic Imaging General Technologist, Radiation Therapist, Nuclear Medicine Technologist, Sonographer, Magnetic Resonance Imager (MRI), Trainee Nuclear Medicine Technologist, Trainee Sonographer, Trainee Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologist.

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

DETAILED SYLLABUS

INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD: Personal contact programmes, Lectures (virtual and in-person), Assignments, Labs and Discussions, Learning projects, Industrial Training Programmes and Dissertation.

YEAR- I

	COMMUNICATION FOR PROFESSIONALS		
			
UNIT	CONTENTS		
			
	Parts of Speech (Definition of all the sight parts along with examples and their use in		
	language) Articles: Definite and indefinite Articles (a. an and the) Definition and its uses		
	along with examples and personal, Reflexive, Emphatic, Demonstrative, Relative, indefinite,		
1	Interrogative and distributive pronouns.		
	The Noun (Defining Noun along with types and categories): Gender; Number Case, The		
			
	Adjective: Comparison, adjective used as nouns, positions of the adjective and its correct		
	use of adjectives.		
			
	The Verb: Definition, Its forms, Verbs of Incomplete Predication, Phrases (Defining it along		
	with examples) : Adjective, Adverb and Noun Phrase and Clauses (defining it along with		
2	examples ) : Adverb, Adjective and Noun Clauses. The Sentence and its types, Simple,		
	Compound and Complex , Subject and Predicate (Parts of a sentence ), Transformation of		
			
	sentences : Active and Passive Voice, Mood and Narration (Direct and indirect Speeches)		
			
	Words and Phrases: Word Formation (Prefix, Suffix), Idioms, Synonyms and Antonyms		
3	Phonetics: Speech Sound, the phoneme, the syllable and IPA transcription.		
			
	Business  Correspondence, Paragraph Writing:  Introductory Remarks,  Principals, The		
	Writing of Single Paragraphs and Precise Writing, Letter Writing, Quotations, Orders and		
	Tenders: Inviting and Sending quotations, Placing orders and inviting tenders, Notices ,		
4	Agenda and Minutes, Application Letter: Importance and function, drafting the application,		
	elements structure, preparing CVs, APPLIED GRAMMAR: Correct usage, The structure of		
			
	sentences, The structure of paragraphs, Enlargements of Vocabulary, Written Composition:		
	Precise writing and summarizing, Writing of bibliography, Enlargement of Vocabulary.		

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	English Grammar and Composition Wren and Martin. 

B.	S. Chand & Company Ltd. 

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

		BIO STATICS AND HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT				
									
UNIT			CONTENTS						
				
		Introduction, Meaning, definition, characteristics of statistics, Importance of the study of		
		statistics, Branches of statistics, Statistics and health science including nursing				
1		Parameters and estimates, Descriptive and inferential statistics, Variables and their types,		
		Measurement scales.						
				
		Tabulation of Data, Raw data, the array, frequency distribution, Basic principles of		
		graphical representation, Types of diagrams-histograms, frequency polygons, smooth		
		frequency, Polygon, cumulative frequency curve, gives, Normal probability curve, Measure		
2		of Central Tendency, Need for measures of central tendency, Definition and calculation of		
		mean-  ungrouped  and  grouped,  Meaning,  interpretation  and  calculation  of  median		
				
		ungrouped and grouped, Meaning and calculation of mode, Comparison of the mean, and		
		mode, Guidelines for the use of various measures of central tendency.					
				
		Measure of Variability: Need for measure of dispersion, The range, the average deviation,		
		The variance	and standard deviation, Calculation of variance and	standard	deviation		
		ungrouped and grouped, Properties and uses of variance and SO, Probability and Standard		
		Distributions, Meaning of probability of standard distribution, The Binominal distribution		
3		The normal distribution, Divergence from normality - skewness, kurtosis, Practice on		
		computer to prepare the data of investigations positive and negative, To produce the		
		authenticity of radiological examination, Practical for demand of future requirement of man		
		power and machines etc.						
							
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials						
ADDITIONAL READINGS:							
1.	Medical  Biostatistics  Chapman  &  Hall/CRC  Biostatistics	Abhaya	Indrayan	,  S.B.		
	Sarmukaddam							
		BASICS OF RADIATION PHYSICS					
									
UNIT			CONTENTS						
				
		Dosimeter and Radiation Biology, Radiation units: Exposure Coulombs/kg, Air Kerma: gray		
		absorbed  dose:  gray,  equivalent  dose:  sievert,  Effective  dose:	sievert,	Interaction		
1		mechanisms: Lionization excitation free radicals, Introduction to concept of linear energy		
		transfer (LET).							
				
		Interactions  of  charged  particles  interaction  of  electromagnetic  radiation  Neutron		
2		interactions, Introduction to thermography and microwave	equipment and	interactions.		
		Optical interaction ultra sound interactions.						

		Basic concepts of electromagnetic radiation, Electromagnetic waves Relationship between		
3		frequency and	wavelength The electromagnetic spectrum	sources	of Electromagnetic		
		radiation, Risks from occupational exposure-public, occupational exposure of pregnant		
				
		women. Diagnostic reference levels (DRL).						
4		Basics of NMR and MRI, Basic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) nuclear magnetic		

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

moments effect of external magnetic field, Nuclear precession, Equilibrium magnetization significance of Radio frequency (RF) pulse OIMR) and microwave (EPR) Equipment, Resonance and larmor frequency, Free induction Decay (FID).

	Radiation detectors: Radiation protection-biological aspects, Measurement of	detriment,		
5	ICRP frame work of radiological protection.				
			
	Nuclear  medicine:  In  vitro  and  in  vivo  testing  gamma  rays  for  imaging  radio,		
6	Pharmaceuticals: Preparation and quality control chemistry and	radio pharmacology of		
	radionuclide’s gamma Camera, Spect Pet.				

	Ultrasound in medicine: Ultrasound imaging generation and	detection of	ultrasound		
7	propagation choice of frequency A-scan B-scan M-mode imaging and echo cardiography, Use of Doppler techniques for blood flow. 

Basic Physics & Radiation Physics: Basic concepts-Units and measurements-Force work power and energy, Temperature and heat, SI Units of above parameter, Atomic structure atom model Nucleus: electronic configuration: periodic table, Isotopes: Ionization-excitation-Binding energy electron volt, Electromagnetic radiation- Quantum nature of radiation- mass energy equivalence- Fluorescent-electromagnetic spectrum, Electricity and 

8	magnetism: Electric charges, Coulomb’s law, Unit of charge- Electric potential unit of potential- Electric induction capacitance and capacitors series and parallel connection-electric current unit resistance ohm’s law, electric power Joule’s law, Magnetism: Magnetic induction, magnetic properties, Hysteresis: magnetic effect of current- Electrical instruments, Galvanometer, voltmeter ammeter and multimeter, Electromagnetic Induction: Induced electro motive force, Faradays Experiments-law of electromagnetic induction. 

Self and mutual induction: Alternation current– Ac generator Peak and RMS values, Ac circuits with resistance capacitance and inductance Choke coil- eddy current, Transformer-theory design losses-auto transformer-high voltage transformer-electric power transmission, X-rays: Discovery of x-rays-properties, Production–x-ray spectrum-bremsstrahlung and characteristic, X-rays tube: Coolidge tube design, line focus principle-space charge effect tube cooling, Modern x-ray tubes, stationary anode, rotating anode, grid controlled x-ray 

9	tubes heel effect of focus radiation tube insert and housing-Tube rating, Quality and intensity of x-rays factors influencing them, X-ray generator circuits: Vacuum tube diodes-semi conductor diodes-transistor-rectification half and full wave self rectification, X-ray generator filament circuit kilo voltage circuit single phase generator three phase generator constant potential generator, Fuses switches and interlocks , Exposure switching and timers-HT cables- ear thing. 

Radioactivity: Discovery of radioactivity natural radioactivity activity, units radium thorium and uranium series alpha beta decay and gamma rays radioactive disintegration exponential decay half life period decay constant, Artificial radioactivity production of radioisotopes cyclotron neutron fission and fusion chain reaction atom bomb nuclear reactor, Interaction of X and gamma rays : Transmission through matter law of exponential attenuation half 

value layer linear attenuation coefficient coherent scattering photoelectric effect Compton scattering pair production photonuclear disintegration-Particle interactions, Interactions of x and gamma rays in the body fat soft issue bone contrast media total attenuation coefficient

10	relative clinical importance, Radiation quantities and units : Radiation immensity exposure roentgen its limitations kerma and absorbed does electronic equilibrium rad gray conversion factor for roentgen to RAD RBD-LET quality factor dose equivalent-rem, sievert, Radiation detection and measurements: Principle of radiation detection Ionization chamber proportional counter-GM tubes scintillation detectors semiconductor detector Gamma ray spectrometer, Measuring system free ionization chamber, thimble ion chamber, condenser chamber, victoreen electrometer, secondary standard dosimeter, film dosimeter, chemical dosimeter, thermoluminescent dosimeter, Pocket dosimeter, Radiation survey meter zone monitor contamination monitors, their function use and maintenance. 

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	First year Physics for Radiographer-Hay & Hughes. 

B.	Fundamental of X-ray and Radium Physics-Joseph Selman 

C.	Basic Medical Radiation Physics-Stanton 

D.	Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology-Christensen. 

	RADIOGRAPHY AND DARK ROOM TECHNIQUES		
				
UNIT		CONTENTS		
				
		X-ray materials: Types of emulsion-characteristic and control screen and non-screen films		
		dental films X-ray paper under and over exposure speed contrast.		
		Intensifying screens: Fluorescence application of fluorescence in Radiography type of		
		intensifying screens intensifying factors cleaning and general care of screen after glow.		
1		X-ray cassettes: Testing and proving good screen contract general care.		
		X-ray developers: Characteristics details and contrast freedom from chemical fog and		
		staining function and constituent of developer standardization by time and temperature		
		exhaustion of developer replenishes.		
				
		Types: Powder and liquid solution medium and high contrast developer ultra rapid		
		development methods automatic processing.		
		X-ray fixers and fixing: Fixing agents acid and preservative in fixer inclusion of hardener		
		time of fixation silver recovery.		
2		Rinsing washing and drying: Object methods employed method of drying films.		
		Processing: Preparation of solution suitable water supply nature of mixing vessels order		
		missing solutions filtrations making of stock solutions storage of dry chemical storage of		
		solution.		
				
		Processing apparatus: Processing unit’s hangers care of hanger’s refrigeration and use of ice.		
		Operation theatre processing: Dish units.		
		Technical and processing faults: Chemical reduction.		
		Chemistry and characteristics of Farmer’s reducer, local and general application.		
3		X-ray Dark Room : Size light proof entrance hatches construction of walls for protection		
		against chemicals and radiation ceiling color schemes water proofing of floors loading		
				
		bench designing disposition of processing and necessary equipment for efficient working		
		arrangement of drying cabinets in dark room or in adjacent rooms dark room illumination		
		and testing for safety ventilation.		
				
		The Radiographic Image:- Radiographic factors affecting image  contrast and sharpens		
		variation in  exposure time  in accordance  with quality of  radiation filters  distance		
4		intensifying screens grids film speed developer and development.		
		Presentation  of  Radiograph:  Identification  of  film  aspect  for  direct  and  stereo		
				
		(univeraprimatic) viewing mounting dental films.		
				
		Accessories: Viewing boxes spot light illuminator projectors and viewing screens for		
		miniature and cine radiography magnifiers film identification lead letter number actinic		
5		marker embossing machine film trimmers corner cutters dental mounts and cutter filling		
		units.		
				
		BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT		

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Medical Radiographic Technique and Dark Room Practices  Krishnamurthy

RADIATION PHYSICS AND MODERN IMAGING TECHNIQUES

UNIT	CONTENTS	

Absorption of radiation: The exponential attenuation linear & as attenuation co-efficient half value layer energy transfer and energy absorption coefficient total absorption coefficient relative importance of different types of absorption, Interaction of radiation : Introduction photo electric effect Compton scattering Thomason scattering and pair production, Energy

1	distribution and relative importance of the different attenuation processes, Measuring Instrument: Dose build up and electronic Bragg Gray Cavity theory determination of dose in an extended medium by ionization chamber measurement Directs measurement of absorbed close Relation among exposure dose and Kerma. 

Measuring instruments: Ionization chamber proportional counter GM counter scintillation detector semi conductor detector film dosimeter system chemical dosimeter system, TLD calibration measurement techniques and protocols of radiation dissymmetric system,

2	Radiation protection : Unit and quantities, does limits for personal and public Recommendations of various advisory groups and regulatory bodies i.e. Protection of patient staff and public various Safety measure devices and ALARA principles including radiological installation planning. 

Quality Assurance & Quality control : Related to radiography/fluoroscopy x-ray unit CT, 

MRI, US and DSA units : Modern Imaging Techniques, Radiographic techniques of whole 

upper limb & shoulder girdle, Radiographic technique of whole lower limb and pelvic girdle, Radiographic techniques of whole vertebral column skull cranial bones and facial 3      bones, Dental radiology  intra oral extra oral as occlusal radiography, Radiography technique of whole thorax including lung meditational heart ribs diaphragms special procedure for liver pancreas spleen, biliary system GI tract and genitor urinary tract, Radiographic technique for obstetrics and gynecology studies, Radiographic techniques for

cardio vascular system.

Radiographic technique for lymphatic system, Radiography : Primary radiological image produced by contrast media Attenuation Linear and mass attenuation coefficient Factors affecting attenuation application in radiology, Filters inherent and added filters: Heavy metal filters, X-ray beam restrictor aperture diaphragm cones and cylinder collimators

4	function of restrictors , Scattered radiation : significance of scatter Grid principle design and type evaluation of grid performance lead content Grid cut off moving grids Grid selection air gap technique, Fluoroscopy : Direct fluoroscope Image intensifier design brightness gain Imaging characteristics multi field image intensifiers, Close circuit television scanning television image quality, Fluoroscopic image recorder TV image records. 

Radiographic Image : Image clarity contract factor affecting contrast Image quality mottle 
sharpness and resolution Line spread function, Modulation transfer function Noise and wiener spectrum, Magnification distortion penumbra un sharpness inverse square law
5	evaluation of resolution quantum mottle patient exposure, Body section radiography : Basic method of tomography terminology blurring section thickness narrow and wild angle tomography circular tomography topographic motions phantom image tomographic angle determination, Mammography : Technical aspects of Mammography generator x-ray tubes Accessories Resolutions quality control Application and role in medicine, Ultrasound : 

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

Physical characteristics of sound transducer characteristics of ultrasound beam interaction of ultrasound and matter quarter wave matching ultrasonic display imaging principles Doppler technique real the ultrasound instrumentation bio effect and safety consideration.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	First year Physics for Radiographer-Hay & Hughes. 

B.	Fundamental of X-ray and Radium Physics-Joseph Selman 

C.	Basic Medical Radiation Physics-Stanton 

D.	Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology-Christensen 

BASICS OF RADIATION PHYSICS-(P)

UNIT	CONTENTS	
		
	Practical concerning with radiation physics, Practical knowledge of x-ray tube, anode,	
	cathode, rotor,  filter, generators, USG modes transducers, charts diagrams,  three phase,	
1	single phase, Control panel switches and functions,  cassettes, film hangers, intensifying	
	screens, Cones.	
		
	Congruency of radiation and optical field, radiation leakage, measurements,	
	Practical knowledge of x-ray tube, anode, cathode, rotor,  filter, generators, Tube rating	
2	charts, Grids and function of Potter Bucky, USG modes transducers, charts diagrams, Equipment knowledge of NMR, Gamma rays, radio pharmaceuticals application. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	First year Physics for Radiographer-Hay & Hughes. 

B.	Fundamental of X-ray and Radium Physics-Joseph Selman 
C.	Basic Medical Radiation Physics-Stanton 

D.	Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology-Christensen. 

RADIATION PHYSICS AND MODERN IMAGING TECHNIQUES –

(P)

UNIT	CONTENTS	

Practical Rad. Physics & Modern Imaging Technology: Practical of measuring instruments,

1	ionization chamber, TLD measuring technique, Focal spot measurement, KV measurement, linearity of mA station, Tube centring. 

Radiographic tech. of whole body, all sp. Investigations imaging, Radiographic tech. of whole body, all sp. Investigations imaging, etc., table top dose measurement in fluoroscopy, 

2	image distortion of IITV, leakage of radiation through lead flaps, radiation level measurement during tube above table and below table, removal of grids. 

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	First year Physics for Radiographer-Hay & Hughes. 

B.	Fundamental of X-ray and Radium Physics-Joseph Selman 

C.	Basic Medical Radiation Physics-Stanton 

D.	Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology-Christensen 

RADIOGRAPHIC AND DARK ROOM TECHNIQUES-(P)

UNIT			CONTENTS				
						
	Dark room	procedures technique: Dark room adaptation	techniques ,	safe light test,		
1	preparation	of developer, fixer and	its chemistry, design	and planning	of dark room,		
	processing of exposed films, care of	intensifying screens, storage of unexposed films.		

	Accessories of dark room, AFP tech. dry camera and presentation of films etc.  Chemistry		
2	for processing of exposed films manual and  automatic processing, care of intensifying		
	screens, storage of unexposed films, AFP tech and presentation of films.			

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	First year Physics for Radiographer-Hay & Hughes. 

B.	Fundamental of X-ray and Radium Physics-Joseph Selman 

C.	Basic Medical Radiation Physics-Stanton 

D.	Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology-Christensen 

HOSPITAL TRAINING AFTER THE FINAL EXAMINATION 45
DAYS

YEAR-II

	FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE	
		
UNIT	CONTENTS	
		
	Computer Application-Characteristic of computers, Input, output, storage unities CPU,	
1	Computers  system, Computers  Organization, Central  Processing Unit, Control  Unit,	
	Arithmetic Unit, Instruction Set, Register, Processor Speed, Memory, Main Memory,	
	BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT	

Storage Evaluation Criteria, Memory Organization, Memory Capacity, Random Access
Memories, Read Only Memory, Secondary Storage Devices, Magnetic Disk, Floppy and Hard Disk, Optical Disks CD-ROM, Mass Storages Devices.

Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Scanner, Optical Mark Reader, Bar-code reader, Magnetic ink character reader, Digitizer, Card reader, Voice recognition, Web

2	cam, Video Cameras, Output Devices: Monitors, Printers, Dot Matrix Printers, Inkjet Printers, Laser Printers, Plotters, Computer Output Micro Files, Multimedia Projector. 

Operating System: Microsoft Windows, An overview of different version of windows, 
Basic  windows  elements,  File  Managements  Through  Windows,  Using  essential 
accessories: System Tools Disk Cleanup Disk defragmenter, Entertainments, Games, Calculator, Imagine: Fax, Notepad, paint, Word Pad, Recycle bin, Windows Explorer,
3	Creating folders icons, Word Processing: Word Processing concepts, Saving, closing opening and existing documents, Selecting text, Edition text, Finding and replacing text. Printing documents, Creating and printing merged documents, Mail merge, Character and paragraph formatting, page designs and layout, Editing and proofing tools checking and correcting spelling, Handling graphics, Creating tables and charts. 

Documents Templates and Wizards Presentation Package: Creating Opening and Saving 
Presentations, Creating the look of your Presentation, Working in Different Views Working with Slides, Adding and Formatting Text, Formatting Paragraphs, Checking Spelling and 
4	Correcting typing mistakes, Making notes pages and handouts, Drawing and working with objectives, Adding clip art and other pictures, Designing slides shows, Running and controlling a slid show, Printing Presentations, Use of Internet and Email, Internet, Websites (Internet Sites), The Mail protocol suite. 

Presentation Package: Creating opening and saving presentations, Creating the look of your presentation, Working in different views working with slides, Adding and formatting text, formatting paragraphs, Checking spelling and correcting typing mistakes, Making notes 

5	pages and handouts, Drawing and working with objectives-Adding clip art and other pictures, Designing slides shows, Running and controlling a slid show, Printing Presentations. 

Hospital Management system, Types and Uses, Hospital Management & System Package, 

Advanced Hospital Management System, X O Hospital Management System, LCS Hospital 

6	Management Information System, NVISH Hospital Management System, CSPM-Hospital Management System. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	Foundations of computing first edition,2002, P.K. Sinha and P. Sinha 

B.	Microsoft office 2000 for window, second Indian Print, person education, S. Sagman 

PATIENT CARE RELEVANT TO DIAGNOSITIC RADIOLOGY

UNIT	CONTENTS	

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

Preparation of patients for general radiological procedures: Departmental instruction to out patients or ward staff use of aperients enemas and colonic irrigations flatulence and flatus causes and methods of relief principles of catheterization and intubation pre medication, its

1	uses and methods, anaesthetized patients nursing care before and after special x-ray, examination (for example in neurological vascular and respiratory conditions) diabetic patient special attention to food hazards of trauma, Radiological contrast agents: Opaque agents and gases. 

Relationship of x-ray transmission to density and atomic number of the elements of contrast medium, Type of Barium sulphate solution concentration and its particular uses flavoring agents, Iodine preparation: Organic compounds water soluble group significance of iodine 

content proprietary, preparations iodized oil, Application  of various systems of human
2	body, Volume Contra indications methods of administration and route, Sensitivity test side effects and management elimination from the body, Gases Air Oxygen and carbon dioxide application and dangers, Emergencies in the x-ray department and management : External defibrillation direct cardiac massage internal defibrillation complications cardiac arrest respiratory arrest bronchography local anesthetics reactions treatment. 

Special Procedures in diagnosis Radiology: The Gastro intestinal tract: Barium meal, 
Barium swallow Small  bowel  enema, Barium enema, The  renal  tract:  Intravenous 

urography, Intravenous cholangiography operative and post operative cholangiography percutaneous,transhepatic cholangiography, The respiratory tract Bronchography,
3	Gynecology Hysterosalpingography Cardio vascular system, Angiography aortography, cerebral angiography, Splenoportovenography, The Lymphatic system Lymphangiography Central nervous system Myelography Sialography Ultrasound + Guided procedures, General preparation care and CT scan guided procedures safety measures MRI. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	Care of patient in diagnostic Radiography Chesney & Chesney (Blackwell Scientific) 

B.	Chesney’s Care of the patent in Diagnostic Radiography Pauline J clumer (Black well Scientific) 

C.	Aid to Tray and Trolley Setting Marjorie Hougton (Bacilliere) 

D.	First Aid Haugher & Gardner (Hamlyn) 

QUALITY ASSURANCE IN DIAGNOSITIC RADIOLOGY

UNIT		CONTENTS		
			
	Objectives Improve the quality of imagine thereby increasing the diagnostic value, To		
	reduce the radiation exposure Reeducation of film wastage and repeat examination, To		
	maintain the various diagnostic and imagine units at their optimal performance activities,		
1	Equipment	selection phase, Equipment installation and acceptance phase, Operational		
	phase, Preventive maintenance, programme at radiological faculty level: Responsibility,		
			
	Purchase, Specifications, Acceptance’s Routine testing: Evaluation of results of routine		
	testing.			
				
		BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT		

Record keeping Quality assurance practical exercise in the X ray generator and tube, Image receptors from processing, Radiographs equipments Fluoroscopic equipments, Mammographic equipments: Conventional tomography, Computed tomography, Film processing manual and automatic consideration for storage of film and chemicals, Faults tracing Accuracy of imaging image distortion for digital imaging devices, Programmed test,

2	Light beam alignment: X-ray out-put and beam quality check KVp check, Focal spot size and angle measurement: Timer check, MAs test, Grid alignment test, High and low contrast resolutions Mechanical and electrical checks, test, Field alignment test for fluoroscopic device, Resolution test, Phantom measurements-CT, US and MRI of film and image recording devices. 

Sensitometry: Characteristic curve, Film latitude: Film contrast: Film speed, Resolution distortion, artifacts of films and image recording, Maintenance care of equipment Safe operation of equipment, Routine cleaning of equipment and instruments-Cassette screen 

3	maintenance of automatic processor and manual processing units Routine maintenance of equipments records keeping and log book maintenance: Reject analysis and objective of reject analysis programme. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	Quality assurance in Diagnostic Radiology” By J.M. Mcolemore (Year book of Medical Publishers) 

B.	Quality Control in diagnostic imagine” By J.E. Gray (University Park Press) 

C.	Processing and Quality Control “ By: William E.J. Mckinney (J.B. Lippincott Company) 

D.	Concepts in Medical Radiographic imagine” By: Marianne Tortoic (W.B. Saunders Company) 

	RADIATION HAZARDS, CONTROL & SAFETY			
					
UNIT		CONTENTS			
			
	Radiation protection: principles, history & development, National & international agencies,		
	AERB, BARC, ICRP, WHO, IAEA and their role, Equivalent dose, effective dose, sievert-		
1	rem, Sources of radiation natural man made & internal exposures, Biological effects of		
	radiation, effects on cell-stochastic & deterministic effects-radiation risk-tissues at risk-		
			
	genetic, somatic& fetus risk-risk at other industries.			
			
	Does equivalent limits philosophy, ICRP(60) AERB guidelines, Planning of radiation		
	installation, protection primary, leakage and scattered radiation, Concepts of workload use		
	factor occupancy factor & distance, Barrier design barrier materials-concrete brick & lead,		
	Primary & secondary barrier design calculations, Design of doors¸ Control of radiation:		
	effects of	time distance and shielding, Personnel monitoring systems: Principle	and		
2	objective- film badge, guidelines for use thermo luminescent dosimeter badge-pocket		
	dosimeter, Area monitoring and radiation survey practical use of survey meter, zone		
	monitors and phantoms¸ Survey in x-ray, fluoroscopy and CT scan units¸ AERB safety code		
	and ethics: Built in safety specification for diagnostic x-ray, fluoroscopy and CT units,		
	Specification for radiation protection devices-room layout.			
					
3	Operational	safety:  Radiation  protection  programme-Personnel  requirements	and		
	responsibilities-regulatory controls¸ Patient protection: Safe work practice in diagnostic		
			
		BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT		

radiology-Radiation absorbed dose from general dental fluoroscopy x-ray and CT examinations¸ X-ray examinations during pregnancy, x-ray examinations associated with illness, not associated with illness -medico-legal or insurance purpose, x-ray examination: medical research x-ray avoidance of unnecessary radiation dose, Radiation emergencies-situation preparedness, safety and prevention-legal requirements recent developments in radiation safety related topics.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	Radiation Protection in Hospital. Richard F. MouldReference book 

B.	Basic radiological physics. Jaypee bothers pvt. Ltd New Delhi 

C.	An Introduction to Radiation Protection Allen Martin “& Samuel 

D.	Radiation safety in Medical practice. M.M. Rechami 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HOSPITAL PRACTICE AND PATIENT
CARE

UNIT	CONTENTS		
			
	Hospital procedure :Hospital staffing and organization records relating to patients and		
	departmental statistic professional attitude of the technologist to patient and other members		
1	of the staff medico legal aspects accident in the department appointment organization		
	minimizing waiting time out patient and follow up clinics stock taking and stock keeping.		
			
	Care of the patient First contact with patients in the department management of chair and		
	stretcher patients and aids for this management for the unconscious patient elementary		
	hygiene personal cleanliness hygiene in relation to patient (for example clean linen and		
2	receptacles nursing care temperature pulse and respiration essential care of the patient who		
	has a tracheotomy essential care of the patient who has a colostomy bedpans and urinals		
	simple application of a sterile dressing.		
			
	First aid : Aims and objective of first aids wounds and bleeding dressing and bandages		
	pressure and splints supports etc Shock insensibility asphyxia convulsions resuscitation use		
3	of suction apparatus drug reactions prophylactic measure administration of oxygen electric		
	shock  burns  scalds  hemorrhage  pressure  points  compression  band  Fracture  splints		
			
	bandaging dressing foreign bodies poisons.		
			
	Infection: Bacteria their nature and appearance spread of infections auto infection or cross		
	infection the inflammatory process local tissue reaction general body reaction ulceration		
	aspects and antisepsis, Principles of asepsis Sterilization methods of sterilization use of		
4	central sterile supply department care of identification of instruments surgical dressings in		
	common use including filament swabs, elementary operating theatre procedure setting of		
	trays and trolleys in the radiotherapy department.		
			
	Departmental procedures : Department staffing and organization records relating to patients		
	and departmental statistic professional attitude of the technologist to patient and other		
5	members of the staff medico legal aspects accident in the department appointment		
	organization minimizing waiting time out patient and follow up clinic stock taking and		
	stock keeping, Drugs in the department: Storage classification labeling and checking		
	BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT		

regulations regarding dangerous and other drugs units of measurement special drugs ant depressive antihypertensive etc.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	Deeley-A guide to Radiotherapy nursing Living stone 

B.	Care of patient in diagnostic Radiography Chesney & Chesney 

C.	Chesney’s Care of the patient in Diagnostic Radiography Pauline J.Culmer. 

D.	Aid to Tray and Trolley Setting Marjorie Hougton 

PATIENT CARE RELEVANT TO DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY-(P)

UNIT	CONTENTS	

Practical knowledge of patient care, Measuring of pulse, measuring of BP, preparation for radiological investigations, Contrast media application, reaction management, allergy test

1	care of Anaesthetic, Patient knowledge of catheterization, oxygen administration, biopsy Method, sympathetically and behavioral treatment, care of ambulatory patients Care of pregnant patient, non cooperating child dignity of patient . 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	Care of patient in diagnostic Radiography Chesney & Chesney (Blackwell Scientific) 

B.	Chesney’s Care of the patent in Diagnostic Radiography Pauline J clumer (Black well Scientific) 

C.	Aid to Tray and Trolley Setting Marjorie Hougton (Bacilliere) 

QUALITY ASSURANCE IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY-(P)

UNIT	CONTENTS	

Practical of QA & QC, Knowledge of QA & QC test equipments, Various parameters of acceptance test of machine—KV, MA , time, x-ray output etc. inventory of machines, x –

1	ray tubes, cassettes, films etc. AMC/ CMC records and review, performance of machines as far as image quality, Grid test, fluoroscopy device test, phantom test, sensitivity test, LBD test etc. Resolution test of CT, MRI and USG, Use of sensitometer and densitometer. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	Quality assurance in Diagnostic Radiology” By J.M. Mcolemore (Year book of Medical Publishers) 

B.	Quality Control in diagnostic imagine” By J.E. Gray (University Park Press) 

C.	Processing and Quality Control “ By: William E.J. Mckinney (J.B. Lippincott Company) 

D.	Concepts in Medical Radiographic imagine” By: Marianne Tortoic (W.B. Saunders Company) 

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

RATION HAZARDS, CONTROL AND SAFETY-(P)

UNIT	CONTENTS	

Practical based on Radiation Hazards & control safety, Knowledge of all hazards, education of gen. Public by posters and seminars, Safety of women and children , pregnant women, safety of patient attendants, non radiation workers hospital staff, checking of lead aprons,

1	leakage radiation from tube head, radiation survey in and around X – ray installation, Use of TLD film badges and use of protective devices etc, Keeping of dose records of radiation workers, steps after high exposure report and investigations. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A.	Radiation Protection in Hospital. Richard F. MouldReference book 

B.	Basic radiological physics. Jaypee bothers pvt. Ltd New Delhi 

C.	An Introduction to Radiation Protection Allen Martin “& Samuel 

D.	Radiation safety in Medical practice. M.M. Rechami 

HOSPITAL TRAINING AFTER THE FINAL EXAMINATION 45

DAYS

YEAR-III

	APPLIED IMAGING TECHNOLOGY I & II		
			
UNIT	CONTENTS		
			
	Introduction to diagnostic radiology I and II, Introduction to diagnostic Radiology III,		
1	Digital Radiology I, Digital radiology II and III.		
			
	Production of X-ray, Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation, The x-ray spectrum, The		
2	intensity of X-ray Beams, X-ray tubes, X-ray generators, Transformers, X-ray Generator,		
	Types Effect of waveform on Radiation output, Exposure switches and Timings.		

	Interactions between X-ray and Matter Attenuation interaction process, Relative importance		
3	of different types of interactions, Scatter radiation Contrast media Filtration Grids and Air		
	gap technique.		

	Screen /Film systems: Luminescent screens General Principles Absorption of quantum,		
4	Physical characteristics of X-ray film and film processing, Structure of X-ray film, Latent		
	image formation by light (or) X-rays Automatic film processing.		

	BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT		

Image quality in Radiology: Radiographic (or) image contrast, Radiographic Mottle (noise),
5	Blur Modulation, Transfer function Geometry of the Radiographic Image, Mammography an introduction and description. 

Basic Concepts: Introduction to MRI and NMR, Physics of proton NMR, Probing chemical 
6	structure chemical shielding (NMR), the g-value (EPR) through bond J coupling and through space dipole-dipole coupling (NMR). 

NMR: Chemical shift Relaxation general mechanism Longitudinal (Tr) relaxation time, 
Transverse (T2) relaxation time effect of filed in homogeneities, T2 Standard sequence ultra 

7	fast sequences, Pulse sequence, Inversion recovery and STIR, Spin echo Gradient sequences, MR Angiography. 

MRI:  Fields, The Fourier transform and The FID 2D-Fourier transform reconstruction 
8	methods, Imaging Technique Gradient Magnetic Inter leaved Multi Imaging, 3D Fourier Transform reconstruction methods. 

MRI 2 : Imaging Quality Effects of flow Instrumentation, Safety and contraindication, MRI 
9	in practice, One-dimensional imaging: frequency encoding using magnetic field gradient two dimensional imaging: phase encoding slice selection (3D to 2D) gradient echoes. 

Introduction to in Vivo/MR-Spectroscopy, Single-Voxel MRS Introduced to spectroscopic
10	Imaging (CSI) Processing MRS data Flow and Angiography Advanced pulse sequences and techniques, Clinical. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Applied Imaging Technology  John C. P. Heggie,  Neil A. Liddell,  Kieran P. Maher

ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUE AND RADIATION

HAZARD

UNIT	CONTENTS	
		
	Radiation  Hazards  Control  &  Safety,  Radiation  protection  :  principle  history  &	
	development– National & international agencies AERB BARDC ICRP WHO IAEA and	
	their role Equivalent dose-effective dose sievert rem, Sources of radiation natural man made	
1	& internal exposures, Biological effects of radiation : effect on cell stochastic &	
	deterministic effects radiation risk tissues at risk genetic somatic & fetus risk at other	
	industries.	
		
	Dose equivalent limits philosophy ICRP (60) concepts-AERB guidelines,	
	Planning of radiation installation protection from primary leakage and scattered radiation,	
	Concepts of workload use factor occupancy factor & distance, Barrier design barrier	
	material-concrete bricks & lead, Primary & secondary barrier design calculations, Design of	
2	doors , Control of radiation-effect of time distance and shielding, Personnel monitoring	
	system principles and objective film badge guideline for use thermoluminecent dosimeter	
	badge pocket dosimeter, Area monitoring and radiation survey practical use of survey meter	
	zone monitor and phantoms.	
		
3	Survey in x-ray fluoroscopy and CT scan units, AERB safety code and ethic: Built in safety	

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

specification for diagnostic x-ray fluoroscopy and CT unit specification for radiation protection devices room layout Operational safety Radiation protection programme Personnel requirement and responsibilities regulatory controls,

Patient protection : Safe work practice in diagnostic radiology Radiation absorbed dose form general dental fluoroscopy x-ray and CT Examination, X-ray examination during pregnancy, x-ray examination associated with illness not associated with illness medico legal or insurance purpose x-ray examination medical research x-ray avoidance of unnecessary radiation dose, Radiation emergencies situation preparedness safety and prevention legal requirements, Recent development in radiation safety related topics.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

1.  Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology  William E. Brant,  Clyde A. Helms

ULTRA SOUND AND COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

UNIT	CONTENTS		
			
	Measure to control scatter radiation including: beam centering devices collimator cone		
	diaphragms and grids, Fluoroscopy and IITV systems including cine radiography with		
	various recording devices, Tomography principles, various types and its applications		
1	Computerized  tomography,  Principle  data  acquisition  concepts  image  reconstruction		
	instrumentation image manipulation historical development various generator spiral helical		
	single.		
			
	Multi slice CT electron beam CT mobile CT advance in volume scanning continuous sub		
	second  scanning   Real  time  CT  fluoroscopy  interventional  guidance  tool  3D  CT		
	angiography virtual reality imaging including image quality and quality control in CT		
	scanners, Computer tomography various imaging protocols and technique, Basic principles		
2	of US various types of transducer mechanism of image formations of Abdominal organ and		
	pelvic organ (Aorta IV C Liver Gall bladder pancreas Spleen kidney ureters urinary bladder		
			
	etc) various advancement including Doppler and image artifacts, Physical aspects of ultra		
	sonography including Doppler color Doppler flow imaging power Doppler, Clinical		
	application of U,S. including use of contrast media in U.S.		

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

1.  Introduction to the Principles of Medical Imaging Chris Guy , Dominic Ffytche

IMAGE PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION

UNIT	CONTENTS	

Review factors affecting recorded detail, density, distortion and contrast, Discuss the
1	relationship among density, distortion, contrast, and recorded detail, Review factors that govern the selection of films, screens and grids, Discuss the relationship between films and 

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

screens, Review the effect of factors influencing exposure control such as the nature of the radiographic procedure, films, screens, and grids selected, power setting used, and beam limitation and scatter, Perform exposure calculations for various radiographic procedures, Describe the advantages and disadvantage associated with automatic exposure control.

Discuss factor affecting the decision to use automatic exposure controls, Given a simulated radiographic procedure, use technique charts to select exposure factors, Review film

2	storage Considerations, Review radiographic identification procedures, Discuss the daily and periodic maintenance for automatic film processors, Discuss the procedures for loading and unloading, Discuss the exposure of computed radiography systems. 

Describe the effects the effects of frequency, contract, and noise on digital image quality, 
Discuss the function of digital image window level and width controls, Describe picture 

3	archival and communication systems ( PACS), Discuss film archival, Discuss the criteria used to evaluate the diagnostic quality of radiographs, List the possible causes of poor radiograph quality. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

1.  Radiobiology for the radiologist Eric J. Hall, Amato J. Giaccia

SPECIAL INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUE

UNIT	CONTENTS	

Pathology: Definition cell growth-cell deformities-cell damage defense mechanism cell repair, Neoplasia: Benign & malignant including its mode of growth and metastasis Causes of Disease, Congenital: traumatic metabolic and deficiency-infection immunization, Blood

1	disease, Leukemia’s Anemia’s, Radiotherapy, Radiation treatment method external radiation use and application of radiation, Radiotherapy technique for Skin disease in system, respiratory alimentary urinary reproductive (including Breast, endocrine, nervous), Special procedural and related contrast media. 

Contrast Media, Emergencies in radiology department, Urinary tract I.V.P. Retrograde pyelography - cystourethrography, Biliary tract: Oral cholecystography hepatic percutaneous cholangiography pre-operative cholangiography, T-tube cholangiography 
E.R.C.P., Gastrointestinal tract: Ba----	swallow---Ba	---meal, upper GIT Ba. Meal following	
through B.a. enema	Ba	double	contrast	enema,	Female	genital	tract:	
2	Hysterosalpingography and pelvimetry. 

Angiography: Carotid angiography femoral artteriogrpahy aortography selective angiography cardiac catheterization, CNS, Ventriculography Myelography Pneumoencephalography & Shuntography, Tomography: Principle Equipment and types of movement in tomography, Venography, Lymphangiography. 

Mammography:	Radiculography    Dacrocystography    Sialography    Sinography,

Nasopharyngography	Laryngography   Bronchography   Arthrography   Disography,

3	Introduction to Ultrasonography Computerized tomography scanning and magnetic resonance, Imaging Radiography special investigation & Radiography. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

1.  Introduction to the Principles of Medical Imaging Chris Guy , Dominic Fitches

APPLIED IMAGING TECHNOLOGY I & II-(P)

UNIT	CONTENTS	

Particles based theory part of Applied imaging Technology
1	Use of x-ray tube generator, High frequency generator, Selection of screen cassette, AFP, IP, application of mammography, MRI planning, safety of patients in MRI. 

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

1.  Introduction to the Principles of Medical Imaging Chris Guy , Dominic Ffytche

ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGY & RADIATION

HAZARD-(P)

UNIT		CONTENTS		
				
	Practical on advanced	diagnostic tech. & radiation hazards		
1	Use of USG, Doppler, CT Spiral, MDCT, DSA, PACS, ,OPG, CR and DR and cameras		
	Practical for radiation safety of patient  and worker etc.		

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

1.  Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology  William E. Brant,  Clyde A. Helms

ULTRASOUND AND COMPUTERIZE TOMOGRAPHY-(P)

UNIT		CONTENTS		
			
	Practical on USG & CT: Principal and application of different type of CT,  different CT		
	protocols, Tomogram and selection of anatomical area for scan as per prescription, patient		
1	and attendant, Care in CT,	image processing, patient setup on CT table, Application of		
	sonography, care of transducers, preparation of patient, patient privacy handling of machine,		
			
	Color Doppler and clinical application of US.		

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT

1.  Introduction to the Principles of Medical Imaging Chris Guy , Dominic Ffytche

HOSPITAL TRAINING AFTER THE FINAL EXAMINATION 45

DAYS

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY– BRT